Cachexia is characterized by which of the following symptoms?

Cachexia is a complex syndrome that significantly affects individuals, especially those with chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is characterized primarily by substantial weight loss and muscle mass loss, which is the correct answer. This condition goes beyond simple malnutrition and involves metabolic changes, inflammation, and alterations in the body's metabolism, leading to the loss of adipose tissue as well as lean body mass.

In cachexia, weight loss is often noticeable and typically exceeds fat loss, emphasizing the depletion of muscle tissue, which can severely impact a patient's strength, functional ability, and overall quality of life. The mechanism behind cachexia is often tied to the underlying disease process, making it widespread and particularly challenging to manage in palliative care settings.

While severe fatigue and lethargy can accompany cachexia, they are not defining characteristics of the syndrome itself. Physical pain and discomfort may be present in patients with cachexia, often related to the underlying illness or secondary effects of weight loss, but they do not define cachexia. An increase in appetite would also be contrary to what is typically observed in cachexia, as patients usually experience a decrease in appetite, further contributing to the weight and muscle loss. Therefore, the essence